The shortage of donor organs remains one of the most urgent challenges in medicine. Thousands of people die each year while waiting for a transplant, and many more are never added to the list. Scientists have long hoped that gene-edited pig organs could help fill this gap, but the human immune system’s reaction to animal organs—known as xenotransplantation—has been a major barrier.
A new Providence-led study published in Nature offers one of the most detailed looks yet at what actually happens inside the body after a pig kidney is transplanted into a human. Using advanced “multi-omics” technologies, researchers tracked changes in both the transplanted kidney and the recipient’s blood over 61 days. This allowed them to see, in real time, how different parts of the immune system responded, when rejection began to develop, and which molecular signals were driving that response.
Importantly, the findings don’t just describe the problem—they point toward possible solutions. The team identified specific immune cells, inflammatory pathways, and biological signals that appear to play key roles in transplant rejection. These insights reveal potential targets for new therapies that could better control the immune response and improve the survival of future xenografts.
While more research is needed, this work represents a significant step forward. By deepening our understanding of how the human body interacts with pig organs, it brings us closer to a future where xenotransplantation could help alleviate the organ shortage and offer hope to more patients with kidney failure.
We hope these efforts help increase understanding of this unique biological setting and paves the way for xenotransplantation as a potential solution to worldwide donor organ shortages.
Thanks to the researchers at NYU Langone Health, Providence, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Seer, Illuminaand many others, who participated in this study: Multi-omics analysis of a pig-to-human decedent xenotransplant.
