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11 TFAH • WBT • PaininTheNation.org Endnotes 1 Unless otherwise noted, all of the despair death data is from the CDC WONDER da- tabase. United States Department of Health and Human Services (US DHHS), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS). Multiple Cause of Death 1999-2016 on CDC WONDER Online Database, released Decem- ber 2017. Data are from the Multiple Cause of Death Files, 1999-2016, as compiled from data provided by the 57 vital statistics jurisdictions through the Vital Statistics Cooperative Pro- gram. http://wonder.cdc.gov/mcd-icd10.html. 2 Khazan O. Middle-Aged White Americans Are Dying of Despair. The Atlantic. https://www. theatlantic.com/health/archive/2015/11/ boomers-deaths-pnas/413971/. November 4, 2015. Accessed February 26, 2018. 3 Trust for America's Health. Pain in the nation: the drug, alcohol and suicide epidemics and the need for a national resilience strategy. http://www. healthyamericans.org/assets/files/TFAH- 2017-PainNationRpt-FINAL.pdf. Published November 2017. Accessed March 16, 2018. 4 Data are from the Multiple Cause of Death Files, 1999-2016, as compiled from data provided by the 57 vital statistics jurisdictions through the Vital Statistics Cooperative Program. http://wonder.cdc.gov/mcd-icd10.html. 5 Suicide. National Institute of Mental Health website. https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/ statistics/suicide.shtml. Updated November 2017. Accessed February 27, 2018. 6 Trust for America's Health. Pain in the Nation Update. http://tfah.org/assets/files/TFAH- 2018-PainNationUpdateBrief-FINAL.pdf. Pub- lished February 2018. Accessed March 16, 2018 7 Kann L, McManus T, Harris WA, et al. Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance — United States, 2015. MMWR Surveill Summ. 2016;65(No. SS- 6):1–174. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/ mmwr.ss6506a1. 8 Ibid.; Substance Abuse and Mental Health Ser- vices Administration. Key Substance Use and Mental Health Indicators in the United States: Results from the 2016 National Survey on Drug Use and Health. https://www.samhsa.gov/data/ sites/default/files/NSDUH-FFR1-2016/NS- DUH-FFR1-2016.pdf. Accessed March 20, 2018. 9 Trust for America's Health. Reducing Teen Substance Misuse: what really works. http:// tfah.org/assets/files/TFAH-2015-TeenSub- stAbuse-FnlRv.pdf. Published November 2015. Accessed March 16, 2018. 10 Ibid. 11 Administration for Children and Families. Number of children in foster care continues to increase. https://www.acf.hhs.gov/media/ press/2017/number-of-children-in-foster- care-continues-to-increase. 12 Adverse Childhood Experiences. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Ad- ministration website. https://www.samhsa. gov/capt/practicing-effective-prevention/ prevention-behavioral-health/adverse- childhood-experiences. Updated Septem- ber 2017. Accessed February 27, 2018. 13 Dube SR, Anda RF, Felitti VJ, Croft JB, Ed- wards VJ, Giles WH. (2001). Growing up with parental alcohol abuse: exposure to child- hood abuse, neglect, and household dysfunc- tion. Child Abuse & Negl. 2001;25:1627-1640. 14 Rothman EF, Edwards EM, Heeren T, Wing- son RW. Adverse childhood experiences pre- dict earlier age of drinking onset: results from a representative us sample of current or for- mer drinkers. Pediatrics. 2008;122(2):e298-304. 15 Dube SR, Felitti VJ, Dong M, Chapman DP, Giles WH, Anda RF. Childhood abuse, neglect, and household dysfunction and the risk of illicit drug use: the adverse childhood experiences study. Pediatrics. 2003;111(3):564-72. 16 Merrick MT, Ports KA, Ford DC, et al. Un- packing the impact of adverse childhood experiences on adult mental health. Child Abuse & Negl. 2017;69:10-19. 17 About the CDC-Kaiser ACE Study. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website. https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/ acestudy/about.html. Updated June 14, 2016. Accessed February 27, 2018. 18 Trust for America's Health. Pain in the nation. November 2017. 19 Rasberry CN, Tiu GF, Kann L, et al. Health-Related Behaviors and Academic Achievement Among High School Students — United States, 2015. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2017;66:921–927. DOI: http:// dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6635a1. 20 Batsche, G., Elliott, J., Graden, J.L., Grimes, J., Kovaleski, J.F., Prasse, D., et al. (2005). Response to Intervention: Policy consid- erations and implementation. Alexandria, VA: National Association of State Directors of Special Education. 21 Trust for America's Health. Sustainable Funding for Healthy Communities Local Health Trusts: Structures to Support Local Coordination of Funds. Washington, DC: Trust for Amer- ica's Health, 2017. Available at http:// healthyamericans.org/health-issues/wp- content/uploads/2017/04/Local-Health- Trusts-Convening-Summary.pdf 22 Hawkins JD, Oesterle S, Brown EC, et al. Youth problem behaviors 8 years after implementing the Communities That Care prevention system. JAMA Pediatrics. 2013;168(2):122-129. 23 Kuklinski MR, Fagan AA, Hawkins, JD, Briney JS, Catalano RF. Benefit-cost analysis of a randomized evaluation of Communi- ties That Care: monetizing intervention effects on the initiation of delinquency and substance use through grade 12. J Exp Criminol. 2015;11(2):165-192. 24 Overview of Evidence Base: Partnership Model and Delivery System. PROSPER Partnerships. helpingkidsPROSPER.org website. November 2015. 25 Substance Abuse and Mental Health Ser- vices Administration: Drug Free Communi- ties Support Program. US Department of Health and Human Services. https://www. samhsa.gov/grants/grant-announcements/ sp-14-002. Accessed March 19, 2018. 26 Moberg DP. Recovery high schools: a descrip- tive study of school programs and students. J Groups Addict Recover. 2008;2:128–161. 27 Ibid. 28 Blum, Robert, School Connectedness: Improv- ing the Lives of Students. Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Balti- more, Maryland, 2005. 29 Batsche, G., Elliott, J., Graden, J.L., Grimes, J., Kovaleski, J.F., Prasse, D., et al. (2005). Response to Intervention: Policy considerations and implemen- tation. Alexandria, VA: National Association of State Directors of Special Education. 30 OSEP Technical Assistance Center on Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports. Eco- nomic costs. Positive Behavioral Interventions & Supports website. https://www.pbis.org/ evaluation/evaluation-briefs/economic-costs. Published 2017. Accessed February 28, 2018. 31 Horner, R.H., Smolkowski, K., Todd, A.W., Esperanza, J., Sugai, G., Eber, L., & Nakasato, J. (2009). A randomized, wait- list controlled effectiveness trial assessing school-wide positive behavior support in el- ementary schools. Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions, 1(3), 133-144. 32 U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Schools and Staffing Survey (SASS), "Public School Data File," 2007-08. 33 Institute of Medicine Committee on Com- prehensive School Health Programs in Grades K-12. Schools & health: our nation's investment. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ books/NBK232700/. Published 1997. Ac- cessed February 28, 2018. 34 About Screening, Brief Intervention, and Referral to Treatment (SBIRT). Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Admin- istration website. https://www.samhsa.gov/ sbirt. Updated September 2017. Accessed February 28, 2018.

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